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Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to analyze the chemical components in Curcuma longa tuberous roots(HSYJ), C. longa tuberous roots processed with vinegar(CHSYJ), and rat serum after the administration. The active components of HSYJ and CHSYJ absorbed in serum were identified based on the secondary spectrum of database and literature. The targets of primary dysmenorrhea was screened out from database. The protein-protein interaction network analysis, gene ontology(GO) functional annotation, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed for the common targets shared by the drug active components in serum and primary dysmenorrhea, and the component-target-pathway network was constructed. AutoDock was used to conduct molecular docking between the core components and targets. A total of 44 chemical components were identified from HSYJ and CHSYJ, including 18 absorbed in serum. On the basis of network pharmacology, we identified 8 core components(including procurcumenol, isobutyl p-hydroxybenzoate, ferulic acid, and zedoarondiol) and 10 core targets \[including interleukin-6(IL-6), estrogen receptor 1(ESR1), and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2(PTGS2)\]. The core targets were mainly distributed in the heart, liver, uterus, and smooth muscle. The molecular docking results showed that the core components were well bound to the core targets, indicating that HSYJ and CHSYJ may exert therapeutic effect on primary dysmenorrhea via estrogen, ovarian steroidogenesis, tumor necrosis factor(TNF), hypoxia-inducible factor-1(HIF-1), IL-17 and other signaling pathways. This study clarifies the HSYJ and CHSYJ components absorbed in serum, as well as the corresponding mechanism, providing a reference for further elucidating the therapeutic material basis and clinical application of HSYJ and CHSYJ.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Animals , Rats , Acetic Acid , Curcuma , Dysmenorrhea , Molecular Docking Simulation , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha , Cyclooxygenase 2ABSTRACT
Objective:Taking zebrafish embryos as research model, to investigate the toxic effect of different polar fractions of Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix before and after processing with vinegar on heart. Method:Zebrafish embryos with normal development at 12 h after fertilization were treated with petroleum ether, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts of Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix before and after processing with vinegar for observation of cardiac development and function at 72 h. Result:Various polar fractions of Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix before and after processing with vinegar had the cardiotoxicity on zebrafish embryos in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the cardiotoxicity of different polar fractions was followed by petroleum ether, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. The cardiotoxicity was mainly manifested as slow cardiac development, pericardial edema, decrease of heart rate and apoptosis of cardiac cells. Compared with the corresponding polar fraction of raw products, the cardiotoxicity of the same polar fraction of vinegar-processed products with similar doses decreased. Conclusion:Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix has cardiotoxicity to zebrafish embryos and the cardiotoxicity is reduced after processing with vinegar, which can provide some experimental basis for further elucidation of the detoxication mechanism of Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix processed with vinegar.
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Objective: To Compare the difference of the intestinal absorption kinetics of volatile oil of Sichuan genuine herb Curcuma phaeocaulis before and after vinegar processing. Methods: Rat model of systemic intestinal perfusion were established and were divided into four groups including volatile oil of C. phaeocaulis group, volatile oil of C. phaeocaulis processed with vinegar group, volatile oil of C. phaeocaulis added with curcuminoids group and volatile oil of C. phaeocaulis processed with vinegar added with curcuminoids group to investigate the absorption of effective constituents of germacrone and furanodiene in the intestinal segements, and calculate the absorption rate constant (Ka), absorption half-life (t1/2), and absorption rate per unit time (P). Results: The results showed that the absorption degree and Ka value of volatile oil of C. phaeocaulis after vinegar processing was less than that before vinegar processing. The degree and Ka value of volatile oil after addition of curcuminoids was less than that before compatibility. Conclusion: C. phaeocaulis after processing with vinegar could alleviate drug property through delaying the absorption of volatile oil to stabilize the blood concentration, with view to meeting the need of clinical safety ad effectivity.
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Objective:To campare the hepatotoxicity on BRL and nephrotoxicity on NRK caused by dichloromethane site of Genkwa Flos before and after being processed with vinegar. Method:BRL of normal hepatocytes and NRK of normal renal cells in rats were selected as the subjects.Thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide method(MTT) was adopted to evaluate the effect of dichloromethane sites of raw and vinegar-processed products on cell activity of NRK and BRL.The levels or contents of aspartate aminotransferase(AST),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),alkaline phosphatase(ALP),glutathione(GSH),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),blood urea nitrogen(BUN) were determined in cell culture supernatant and splitting supernatant for evaluation of their oxidative damage effect. Result:Compared with the blank group,dichloromethane site of raw products could obviously inhibit the cell activity of NRK and BRL,and increase the levels of AST,ALT,ALP and LDH(PPPPConclusion:Processing with vinegar can attenuate the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity on NRK and BRL caused by dichloromethane site of Genkwa Flos,it can improve hepatic and renal function and antioxidant capacity.
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Both raw and vinegar products of the rhizome of Curcuma phaeocaulis are common drugs for promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis in traditional Chinese medicine,which could be reflected in the inhibition of tail thrombosis in mice. As the traditional processing theory instructs,vinegar tastes sour and bitter,but can activate blood circulation and remove stasis after being infiltrated into the rhizome of C. phaeocaulis as an excipient. In this study,under the help of the ultrafast liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-offlight mass spectrometry( UFLC-Q-TOF-MS),the spectrum-effect relationship between the inhibition of tail thrombosis in mice and the rhizome of C. phaeocaulis both before and after the vinegar processing,were established to explore the functional changes of blood circulation and stasis after vinegar process. Based on the peak area from the fingerprint of UFLC-Q-TOF-MS of the alcohol extracts from the raw and vinegar-processed rhizome of C. phaeocaulis and their efficacy for inhibiting tail thrombosis,the correlation between the chromatography of UFLC-Q-TOF-MS and the inhibition of tail thrombosis in mice were analyzed by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis( OPLS-DA) method. The results,produced by Simca-P software,showed that effective components consisted of eight peaks 16,24( aromadendrene oxide),3,11,22( dehydro-α-curcumene),19[( R)-(-)-α-curcumene],23 and 10 from the fingerprint,making great contribution to distinguish C. phaeocaulis raw products and the corresponding vinegar processed products. Therefore,from the perspective of inhibiting the formation of tail thrombosis in mice,the marker components could be found through the spectrum-effect relationship to distinguish C.phaeocaulis raw and vinegar products. This study provided new basis to explain the difference between the raw and the processed products of traditional Chinese medicine in the functional change of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Acetic Acid , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Curcuma , Chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Mass Spectrometry , Rhizome , Chemistry , Thrombosis , Drug TherapyABSTRACT
There is abundant processing theory in the system of traditional Chinese medicine. The deep excavation and research of that is conducive to promoting the development of science of Chinese materia medica (CMM), ensuring the quality of CMM prepared in ready-to-use forms and promoting the clinical rational use of drugs. Based on the current research status of CMM processing theory, using the representative drugs as the object, modern pharmacological research as a guide, the contents of the relevant studies of “raw and cooked different use” theory, “carbonic herbs for hemostasis” theory and theory of auxiliary material action were elaborated. The review provided reference for the further research on traditional processing theory and also provided a scientific basis for the clinical rational use of processed products of CMM.
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Objective To investigate the effects of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus and processed with vinegar on lipid metabolism of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods The rat model of T2DM was induced by high fat diet plus STZ. The rats were randomly divided into blank group, model group, Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus high-dose group and low-dose group, and vinegar Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus high-dose group and low- dose group. The rats in each group were fed with the corresponding medicine for gavage for 30 d. FINS, FFA, TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and MDH, total protein content of liver tissue were detected. HE staining was used to observe the histomorphological changes of liver and pancreas in rats. Results Compared with the model group, Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus groups and vinegar Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus groups did not show obvious effects on improving FBG and FINS, but it could raise varying degrees of HDL-C and MDH, and reduce FFA, LDL-C, TC, and TG, among which vinegar Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus could significantly regulate metabolism in T2DM rats. Conclusion Vinegar Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus can enhance the lipid metabolism regulatory function of T2DM rats.
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Objective: To determine the dynamic variation of pH value and seven components including bisdemethoxycurcumin, demethoxycurcumin, curcumin, curdione, curcumol, germacrone and β-elemene during Curcuma Phaeocaulis' processing, in order to study its curcuminoids and volatile oils components in the process of rice vinegar production affected by external factors such as water, heat, and acid. Methods: C. phaeocaulis were processed by using distilled water, 9° rice vinegar, and 9% acetic acid aqueous. The pH value of the decoction at a specific time point in 10 batches was detected. The data were analyzed by SPSS software. The content of seven components in the samples of the raw crude group, the blank group, the vinegar group, and the reference group were determined by HPLC method, and the change of the content was analyzed. Results: Compared with the blank group, the vinegar group and reference group showed low pH value, and there was no significant difference; Compared with the blank group and reference group, the contents of three curcuminoids in the vinegar group increased [the mass fraction of bisdemethoxycurcumin is (0.002 320 ± 0.000 344) mg/g, the mass fraction of demethoxycurcumin is (0.059 65 ± 0.015 64) mg/g, the mass fraction of curcumin is (0.272 5 ± 0.125 2) mg/g], and the contents of volatile oils decreased in different degrees. Conclusion: During the processing progress, the main active constituents of pharmaceutic adjuvant 9° rice vinegar might be acetic acid; The acetic acid and other organic principles of rice vinegar might protect the chemical constituents in C. phaeocaulis by regulating pH value; The toxicity degree of C. phaeocaulis before and after processing with vinegar was regulated by different protecting degrees of different component. It not only reflects the scientificity of 9° rice vinegar as a pharmaceutic adjuvant, but also offers a new method to study the material basis of C. phaeocaulis processing with rice vinegar.
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The embryos of model organism zebrafish were used to evaluate the acute toxicity of the extracts of Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix and vinegar-processing Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix, and the total terpene content of each extract was determined by using euphol as the reference standards. Twenty-four h normally developed zebrafish embryos were chosen, and 8 concentrations were adopted for each extract. Then the growth and death of zebrafish embryos were observed at 96 h after administration, and median lethal concentrations (LC50) of the different samples on zebrafish embryos were calculated. The results showed that all of the extracts (before and after vinegar processing) had acute toxicity on zebrafish embryos. The toxicity of vinegar-processing Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix was significantly lower than that of crude Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix. Among different extraction methods, ethanol extract was more poisonous than water extract; in different polarity fractions, the toxicity was in the following order: petroleum ether>dichloromethane>ethyl acetate>n-butyl alcohol and remaining part. Combined with the results of the determination of terpene components, it can be concluded that the terpenoids are the main toxic components of Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix, positively correlated with toxicity degree. It indicates that the zebrafish embryo model is appropriate for the toxicity evaluation of Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix and provides appropriate research methods and theoretical basis for the further study of the toxic components and the mechanism of reducing toxicity.
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Chinese herbs are mostly used to make decoction, which would form precipitation after standing for cooling and abandoned by patients. Processing with vinegar can change the property of the herbal pieces, such as the transfer rate of heavy metal into decoction. To analyze the transfer rate change of heavy metal in the decoction and precipitation of Curcuma phaeocaulis before and after processing with vinegar, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to establish the determination method on five heavy metals in C. phaeocaulis, including Copper (Cu), arsenic (As), chromium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), using microwave to digest the samples, indium (In) as the internal standard, and national level standard material tea leaves GBW10016 (GSB-7 tea) as the quality control standard material. Then, the content of five heavy metals in the herbal pieces, decoction and five heavy metals of 6 representative batches of C. phaeocaulis and their vinegar-processing products was determinated. After computation, the transfer rates of heavy metals in the decoction and precipitation of C. phaeocaulis Val. before and after the processing with vinegar were obtained. The results showed that, after the processing with vinegar, total transfer rate of Pb and Hg was decreased significantly; total transfer rate of Cd and Cu was slightly decreased; total transfer rate of As was slightly increased, however heavy metals in all the precipitation were decreased. The results indicated that processing with vinegar had certain influence on heavy metal transfer rate, with certain synergistic and attenuated effect.
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Objective:To explore the effect of processing on the contents of chemical components of the volatile oil of Rhizoma Curcumae. Methods: The volatile oil was extracted from Rhizoma Curcumae by steam distillation. The components were identified by GC MS. The amount of the components from the volatile oil were determinated by normalization method. The separated components were analyzed.Results: The volatile oil contents were different in two processed samples of Rhizoma Curcumae. Two new constituents, 4 isopropyl benzoic acid and 2 methyl 5(l methylvinyl) cyclohexanone, were produced after processing. 20 components composed of about 80% of the total volatile oil were separated and identified. Conclusions: The content of volatile oil and chemical composition decreased a bit by mix fry with vinegar and steam with vinegar.